Estate planning is made up of many personal decisions, each one unique to the individual. Whether a will or a trust is better is a question that can only be answered based on an evaluation of the individual’s estate. Some factors that are considered to determine which would be a better option include the size of the estate, the complexity of the estate, whether the individual will need access to their assets during their lifetime, and the individual’s budget for estate planning. In many cases, there can be great benefit to creating a trust-based estate plan.
Wills are easier, faster, and less expensive to write than trusts. A trust offers certain protections that a will does not, such as allowing the individual to have more control over the distribution of assets and keeping the individual’s assets private.
Additionally, individuals should be aware that they do not have to choose. Even for those who choose to make a trust-based estate plan, a pour-over will should be included. A pour-over will basically functions to instruct the probate court to move any assets that were not re-titled in the name of the trust before the death of the grantor to the trust. If an individual is not sure about how to choose between a will-based plan and a trust-based plan, they may want to speak with an experienced estate planning attorney to learn more about how each of these options can meet their needs.
Assets in a trust are able to be bought and sold and may also be able to produce income for the trust. For example, real estate may be used as rental properties and the rent would be income for the trust. The trustee is legally and ethically required to protect these assets and make decisions about how to handle them that ensures their continued productivity for the benefit of the trust’s beneficiaries. Trustees are also required to keep adequate records of the administration of the trust and to keep the trust’s beneficiaries informed about the status, administration, and distribution of the trust.
This means that individuals should choose someone they trust to be the trustee. However, it is also important to choose someone who is responsible and organized. The trustee should also understand finances and be able to manage their own finances well. Additionally, trustees are required to administer the trust according to the trust’s terms, so individuals should also ensure that their chosen trustee has read the trust’s terms and is willing to abide by those terms and act as trustee before naming them as such.
Another consideration for trust grantors to consider when choosing a trustee is any special skills they may have. Ohio law requires that if a trustee has special skills that would enhance or make easier their management of the trust, they must use those special skills. An example might be an accountant managing a trust meant to provide college tuition for the grantor’s children or someone with a real estate background managing a trust made up of several pieces of real estate.
When creating a living trust, another decision that must be made is whether the trust will be revocable or irrevocable. This is a very important decision that will determine what the grantor can do with the trust in the future, including whether they can dissolve it.
Revocable Trusts
Revocable living trusts are the most commonly created trusts because they offer the most flexibility. With revocable trusts, the grantor retains control over the trust and its assets and can make changes to the trust over their lifetime. The grantor can add or remove assets, change the beneficiaries, or even revoke and dissolve the revocable trust. This trust also allows the grantor to be the trustee if they do not wish to appoint someone else.
A disadvantage to a revocable living trust is that it is still considered part of the individual’s estate for tax purposes when they die. While Ohio has neither estate nor inheritance taxes, if an individual’s estate in 2024 is $13,610,000 or more, their estate will be required to pay federal estate tax. However, that number is subject to change as the federal estate tax exemption is scheduled to expire at the end of 2025. If it does, estates worth $5,600,000 or more will be subject to estate tax. Because these numbers can change, Rhodium Law strongly recommends that individuals with large estates consult with an estate planning attorney to discuss their options for potentially reducing their tax burden.
Irrevocable Trusts
Irrevocable living trusts are another trust option. Irrevocable trusts are irrevocable, which most people understand to mean that no changes can be made and the trust cannot be dissolved. This is only partially true. To create an irrevocable trust, the individual must give up control over the assets placed in the trust.
They must appoint a third party to be the trustee, as the law does not allow the grantor to also act as trustee on an irrevocable trust. Changes to the trust’s terms can only occur if all the trust’s beneficiaries agree to the changes. This includes changing beneficiaries. The trust can only be terminated if all the assets are first distributed to the beneficiaries and the trust then costs more to administer than the value of the trust. These factors are important to consider because it means that if the grantor later wishes to remove a beneficiary or make other changes, they may not be able to.
However, irrevocable trusts do have some advantages as well. First, because the grantor has given up control of and ownership over the assets to the trust, the assets in the trust are no longer part of their estate for tax purposes. Second, for the same reason, creditors cannot attempt to collect the debt from the trust assets. If an individual is interested in protecting their assets from creditors, they may wish to discuss the Ohio Legacy Trust, which may not only allow the grantor to be a beneficiary of the trust but also allow them to change the terms or beneficiaries despite the irrevocability of the trust.
A testamentary trust is a third option that is more like a combination of a will and a trust. This type of trust is created by the individual’s will and only takes effect upon the individual’s death. Assets are transferred into the trust upon the individual’s death, and the appointed trustee then manages and distributes them according to the will’s instructions. This type of trust is more commonly used to protect assets for minor children or other beneficiaries who may not be able to manage their inheritance themselves.
Many people add some assets to a trust and distribute other assets through their will. Some individuals would prefer to add all of their assets to a trust and avoid having a will at all. Whether all of an individual’s assets can be placed in the trust depends on several factors, including what the asset is and how it is owned.
Retirement accounts, health or medical savings accounts, and active financial accounts should not be placed in a trust. Vehicles are also not recommended for placement in trusts. A business may be placed in a trust, but it is important to know the type of business ownership the individual has and what legal requirements may exist for transferring the business to the trust.
However, in cases where an individual would prefer to have all of their assets in a trust, and the assets they own can be placed in a trust, they may want to consider using a “pour-over” will. This type of will allows the will-writer to leave specific assets to specific beneficiaries like a traditional will. However, it also allows the will-writer to stipulate that any assets not placed in the trust already, such as recently purchased assets or assets they did not know about such as recent inheritance, should be placed in the trust.